{"id":1469,"date":"2020-11-12T18:41:22","date_gmt":"2020-11-12T17:41:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/?p=1469"},"modified":"2020-12-02T20:58:41","modified_gmt":"2020-12-02T19:58:41","slug":"diagnostika-ektoparazitov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/?p=1469","title":{"rendered":"Diagnostika ektoparazitov"},"content":{"rendered":"
    \n
  1. Svrabovce<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Penetruj\u00face svrabovce <\/strong>\u017eij\u00fa v ko\u017ei, podko\u017e\u00ed, vlasov\u00fdch folikuloch, svaloch aj vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch org\u00e1noch, patria sem z\u00e1stupcovia z \u010de\u013eade: Sarcoptidae, Knemidocoptidae, Demodecidae, Cytoditidae a Laminosioptidae; patria k trval\u00fdm parazitom.<\/p>\n

    Hlbok\u00fd ko\u017en\u00fd zo\u0161krab <\/u><\/strong>(s kapil\u00e1rnym krv\u00e1can\u00edm) rob\u00edme pri podozren\u00ed v\u00fdskytu Sarcoptes scabiei <\/em>a Notoedres cati<\/em>. Je potrebn\u00e9 urobi\u0165 \u010do najviac odberov (15 a\u017e 20) z r\u00f4znych miest tela, so zameran\u00edm na predilek\u010dn\u00e9 miesta, a v\u017edy z rozhrania zdravej a zmenenej ko\u017ee, kde n\u00e1jdeme drobn\u00e9 za\u010dervenal\u00e9 papuly so \u017eltou chrastou na povrchu. Zo\u0161krab rob\u00edme skalpelom navlh\u010den\u00fdm v paraf\u00ednovom oleji, a\u017e k\u00fdm sa objav\u00ed prv\u00e9 kapil\u00e1rne krv\u00e1canie. U zajacov rob\u00edme zo\u0161krab z dna zvukovodu pinzetou, po predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facom zvlh\u010den\u00ed miner\u00e1lnym olejom.<\/p>\n

    Pri demodik\u00f3ze chyt\u00edme postihnut\u00fa ko\u017eu medzi palec a ukazov\u00e1k, aby sme vytla\u010dili rozto\u010de z chlpov\u00fdch folikulov. Hnis a maz zo\u0161krabeme skalpelom navlh\u010den\u00fdm v oleji, zo\u0161krab z jedn\u00e9ho miesta rob\u00edme a\u017e do objavenia sa kapil\u00e1rnej krvi a natrieme na podlo\u017en\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dko. K n\u00e1teru prid\u00e1me kvapku miner\u00e1lneho oleja na lep\u0161ie rozlo\u017eenie materi\u00e1lu a prikryjeme kryc\u00edm skl\u00ed\u010dkom.<\/p>\n

    Vytrhnutie chlpov alebo peria <\/u><\/strong>rob\u00edme ak m\u00e1me podozrenie na demodik\u00f3zu. Je to met\u00f3da vhodn\u00e1 pre pos\u00fadenie ko\u017en\u00fdch zmien v medziprstov\u00fdch priestoroch a na in\u00fdch \u0165a\u017eko dostupn\u00fdch miestach. Chlpy vytrhneme pomocou pinzety z miest s pr\u00edznakmi folikulit\u00eddy. Ch\u013apky zakvapneme miner\u00e1lnym olejom alebo glycer\u00ednom a mikroskopujeme. Podobne postupujeme aj pri vy\u0161etren\u00ed hydiny na pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 Knemidocoptes gallinae, <\/em>ktor\u00fd sa lokalizuje v perov\u00fdch folikuloch. Perie vytrh\u00e1vame z perif\u00e9rie ko\u017en\u00fdch l\u00e9zi\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Vy\u0161etrenie obsahu pust\u00fal <\/u><\/strong>rob\u00edme pri pustul\u00f3znej forme demodik\u00f3zy, vytla\u010den\u00edm obsahu pustuly alebo jej nabodnut\u00edm a prenesen\u00edm na podlo\u017en\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dko, obsah e\u0161te m\u00f4\u017eeme rozriedi\u0165 fyziologick\u00fdm roztokom.  <\/u><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Nepenetruj\u00face svrabovce <\/strong>\u017eij\u00fa na povrchu tela hostite\u013ea, patria sem z\u00e1stupcovia z \u010de\u013ead\u00ed: Psoroptidae, Cheyletiellidae, Psorergatidae a Trombiculidae; okrem z\u00e1stupcov \u010d. Trombiculidae patria k trval\u00fdm parazitom.<\/p>\n

    Povrchov\u00fd ko\u017en\u00fd zo\u0161krab<\/u><\/strong> (bez kapil\u00e1rneho krv\u00e1cania) za\u010dneme najprv ostrihan\u00edm srsti na adspek\u010dne zmenenej ko\u017ei, pokra\u010dujeme navlh\u010den\u00edm miesta miner\u00e1lnym olejom a n\u00e1sledne urob\u00edme zo\u0161krab ostrou ly\u017ei\u010dkou alebo skalpelom pod uhlom viac ako 90\u00b0 prenesieme na podlo\u017en\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dko, prikryjeme kryc\u00edm skl\u00ed\u010dkom a vy\u0161etrujeme pod mikroskopom.<\/p>\n

    Niekedy m\u00f4\u017eeme pou\u017ei\u0165 aj tekut\u00fd paraf\u00edn, nanesieme ho na ko\u017eu a n\u00e1sledne urob\u00edme zo\u0161krab skalpelom s tupou \u010depe\u013eou, emulziu z povrchovej epidermis a tekut\u00e9ho paraf\u00ednu rozotrieme na podlo\u017en\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dko, prikryjeme kryc\u00edm skl\u00ed\u010dkom a vy\u0161etrujeme pod mikroskopom.<\/p>\n

    Vonkaj\u0161\u00ed zvukovod ma\u010diek os\u00edd\u013euje \u010dasto Otodectes cynotis, <\/em>ktor\u00e9ho z\u00edskame povrchov\u00fdm zo\u0161krabom mikrobiologickou \u00e9zou. Z\u00edskan\u00fd materi\u00e1l prezer\u00e1me v nat\u00edvnom prepar\u00e1te pod mal\u00fdm zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161en\u00edm.<\/p>\n

    Ko\u017en\u00fd zlep<\/u><\/strong> pou\u017e\u00edvame na zachytenie r\u00fdchle sa pohybuj\u00facich parazitov ako s\u00fa cheyletiely a ich vaj\u00ed\u010dka, ale aj neotrombiculy. Prieh\u013eadnu lepiacu p\u00e1sku d\u00f4kladne prilo\u017e\u00edme na ko\u017eu medzi chlpy, pri\u010dom rozhrnieme srs\u0165, najm\u00e4 na miesta so zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdm v\u00fdskytom lup\u00edn a ne\u010dist\u00f4t. Po odtrhnut\u00ed od ko\u017ee prilep\u00edme p\u00e1sku na podlo\u017en\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dko a vy\u0161etrujeme pod mikroskopom pri malom zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

    Vy\u010des\u00e1vanie<\/u><\/strong> rob\u00edme hust\u00fdm hrebe\u0148om, ktor\u00fdm m\u00f4\u017eeme zachyti\u0165 povrchov\u00e9 svrabovce, hlavne cheyletiely. Zviera postav\u00edme na baliaci papier a d\u00f4kladne ho vy\u010de\u0161eme. Z\u00edskan\u00fd materi\u00e1l m\u00f4\u017eeme prezrie\u0165 lupou alebo pod mikroskopom. <\/p>\n

    Priamy d\u00f4kaz svrabovcov vykon\u00e1vame mikroskopick\u00fdm vy\u0161etren\u00edm:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Nat\u00edvny prepar\u00e1t<\/u><\/strong> – materi\u00e1l z\u00edskan\u00fd ko\u017en\u00fdm zo\u0161krabom prenesieme na podlo\u017en\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dko a v kvapke vody alebo glycer\u00ednu vy\u0161etrujeme pod mikroskopom; alebo z\u00edskan\u00fd materi\u00e1l vlo\u017e\u00edme do 10 % KOH na 20 min\u00fat a nech\u00e1me vyl\u00fahova\u0165. V\u00fdluh m\u00f4\u017eeme aj centrifugova\u0165, \u010d\u00edm z\u00edskame v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu koncentr\u00e1ciu rozto\u010dov, ktor\u00e9 pozbierame z povrchu parazitologickou k\u013eu\u010dkou, prenesieme na podlo\u017en\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dko, prikryjeme kryc\u00edm skl\u00ed\u010dkom a vy\u0161etrujeme pod mikroskopom.<\/p>\n

    Tepeln\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka pre d\u00f4kaz svrabovcov <\/u><\/strong>– ide o r\u00fdchlu a spo\u013eahliv\u00fa met\u00f3du ak sa vo vzorke nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa \u017eiv\u00e9 svrabovce. Zo\u0161kraban\u00fd materi\u00e1l vlo\u017e\u00edme do Petriho misky, alebo na hodinov\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dko, ktor\u00e9 postav\u00edme na tmav\u00fd podklad a zohrievame na 30\u201340 \u00b0C. Vplyvom tepla svrabovce vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, na tmavom podklade m\u00f4\u017eeme zachyti\u0165 ich pohyb. Pohybuj\u00face sa svrabovce vyber\u00e1me prepara\u010dnou ihlou na podlo\u017en\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dka, prikvapneme fyziologick\u00fd roztok, prikryjeme kryc\u00edm skl\u00ed\u010dkom a mikroskopujeme.<\/p>\n

    Macer\u00e1cia<\/u><\/strong> – t\u00fato met\u00f3du pou\u017e\u00edvame na uvo\u013enenie svrabovcov zo zo\u0161krabov, pri\u010dom k odobrat\u00e9mu materi\u00e1lu prid\u00e1me 10 % KOH alebo NaOH a nech\u00e1me 4 a\u017e 8 hod\u00edn macerova\u0165 za studena, alebo m\u00f4\u017eeme proces ur\u00fdchli\u0165 kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdm povaren\u00edm (tepeln\u00e1 macer\u00e1cia). Svrabovce sa pod \u00fa\u010dinkom hor\u00faceho l\u00fahu uvo\u013enia a klesaj\u00fa na dno sk\u00famavky, zo sedimentu rob\u00edme nat\u00edvne prepar\u00e1ty a vy\u0161etrujeme mikroskopicky.<\/p>\n

    Svrabovce usmrcujeme a konzervujeme ponoren\u00edm do 70 % alkoholu.  <\/p>\n

    Trval\u00fd prepar\u00e1t<\/u><\/strong> – trval\u00e9 mikroskopick\u00e9 prepar\u00e1ty sa zhotovuj\u00fa fix\u00e1ciou do metylkryl\u00e1tu, kanadsk\u00e9ho balzamu alebo entelanu.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Klie\u0161te<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Zber klie\u0161\u0165ov v prostred\u00ed<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Tvrd\u00e9 klie\u0161te (Ixodidae)<\/strong> z prostredia z\u00edskavame tzv. vlajkovan\u00edm z veget\u00e1cie, najlep\u0161ie sa osved\u010dil p\u00e1s bielej, flanelovej alebo vlnenej l\u00e1tky 40\u201360 x 60\u201380 cm, ktorej jeden okraj je upevnen\u00fd na drevenej alebo kovovej ty\u010di. L\u00e1tku \u0165ah\u00e1me po veget\u00e1cii, kr\u00edkoch a tr\u00e1vnat\u00fdch porastoch do polkruhu. Na vyt\u00fd\u010denom \u00faseku s d\u013a\u017ekou 100 metrov, l\u00e1tku obr\u00e1time v\u017edy po prejden\u00ed 3 a\u017e 4 metrov a na bielom podklade \u013eahko zist\u00edme pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 klie\u0161te, ktor\u00e9 zbierame entomologickou pinzetou do pripraven\u00fdch sk\u00famaviek aj so steblom tr\u00e1vy a prenesieme do laborat\u00f3ria.<\/p>\n

      M\u00e4kk\u00e9 klie\u0161te (Argasidae) <\/strong>vt\u00e1kov z\u00edskavame z ustaj\u0148ovac\u00edch priestorov obhliadkou \u0161k\u00e1r, pr\u00edpadne na noc rozprestrieme na podlahu svetl\u00fd baliaci alebo filtra\u010dn\u00fd papier a osvetl\u00edme priestor baterkou. Klie\u0161te vyliezaj\u00fa zo \u0161k\u00e1r na biely podklad, kde ich \u013eahko pozbierame pinzetou do sk\u00famaviek. <\/p>\n

      Odber klie\u0161\u0165ov z hostite\u013ea<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Z hostite\u013ea z\u00edskavame klie\u0161te po d\u00f4kladnej prehliadke tela, predov\u0161etk\u00fdm na predilek\u010dn\u00fdch miestach: na hlave (u\u0161i, okolie rohov), krku (lalok, hriva), bruchu, kon\u010datin\u00e1ch, medzino\u017e\u00ed, perineu, oblasti kore\u0148a chvosta, okolie vemena, u vt\u00e1kov pod kr\u00eddlamia na hlave. Srs\u0165 prehliadame tak, \u017ee prstami prech\u00e1dzame proti srsti a ko\u017eu starostlivo palpujeme, prehliadame v\u0161etky nerovnosti ko\u017ee pri\u010dom m\u00f4\u017eeme pou\u017ei\u0165 aj ru\u010dn\u00fa lupu. Pri n\u00e1leze prisat\u00fdch klie\u0161\u0165ov tieto odober\u00e1me \u0161peci\u00e1lnou pinzetou k\u00fdvav\u00fdm pohybom do str\u00e1n a klie\u0161\u0165a z hostite\u013ea uvo\u013en\u00edme. Pri vyberan\u00ed klie\u0161\u0165ov sa neodpor\u00fa\u010da ich potiera\u0165 chemick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami ako s\u00fa alkohol, olej, kr\u00e9m, mas\u0165, mydlo a pod. Neprisat\u00e9 klie\u0161te m\u00f4\u017eeme z\u00edska\u0165 aj vy\u010desan\u00edm srsti hust\u00fdm hrebe\u0148om. Z kad\u00e1verov mus\u00edme klie\u0161te pozbiera\u0165 do 2 hod\u00edn, preto\u017ee z chladn\u00facich tiel r\u00fdchlo mizn\u00fa.    <\/p>\n

      Diagnostika a spracovanie prepar\u00e1tov<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

      Na ur\u010dovanie klie\u0161\u0165ov s\u00fa najlep\u0161ie \u017eiv\u00e9 klie\u0161te, preto\u017ee je zachovan\u00e1 farba, rozmery, ch\u013apky aj \u0161tetinky na povrchu tela. Usmrcujeme ich ponoren\u00edm do 70% alkoholu zahriateho na 60\u201370 \u00b0C na nieko\u013eko sek\u00fand.  <\/p>\n

      Trval\u00e9 mikroskopick\u00e9 prepar\u00e1ty sa zhotovuj\u00fa fix\u00e1ciou klie\u0161\u0165a do metylkryl\u00e1tu, kanadsk\u00e9ho balzamu, entelanu, pr\u00edpadne do m\u00e9dia Fora-Berlese. \u017div\u00e9 klie\u0161te montujeme do karyoptolu alebo 4 % formal\u00ednu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Svrabovce Penetruj\u00face svrabovce \u017eij\u00fa v ko\u017ei, podko\u017e\u00ed, vlasov\u00fdch folikuloch, svaloch aj vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch org\u00e1noch, patria sem z\u00e1stupcovia z \u010de\u013eade: Sarcoptidae, Knemidocoptidae, Demodecidae, Cytoditidae a Laminosioptidae; patria k trval\u00fdm parazitom. Hlbok\u00fd ko\u017en\u00fd zo\u0161krab (s kapil\u00e1rnym krv\u00e1can\u00edm) rob\u00edme pri podozren\u00ed v\u00fdskytu Sarcoptes scabiei a Notoedres cati. Je potrebn\u00e9 urobi\u0165 \u010do najviac odberov (15 a\u017e 20) z r\u00f4znych miest…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1469"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1469"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1469\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1584,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1469\/revisions\/1584"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1469"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1469"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1469"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}