{"id":1472,"date":"2020-11-12T18:49:08","date_gmt":"2020-11-12T17:49:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/?p=1472"},"modified":"2020-12-02T21:00:10","modified_gmt":"2020-12-02T20:00:10","slug":"parazitologicka-pitva","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/?p=1472","title":{"rendered":"Parazitologick\u00e1 pitva"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Helmintologick\u00e1 pitva sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na presn\u00fa postmort\u00e1lnu diagnostiku helmint\u00f3z a&nbsp;stanovenie intenzity infekcie. Pri \u00fapln\u00fdch helmintologick\u00fdch pitv\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edvame \u0161peci\u00e1lne met\u00f3dy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Postupn\u00e9 zrie\u010fovanie a&nbsp;zlievanie<\/li>\n<li>Vy\u0161etrenie zlievok na kontrastnom podklade<\/li>\n<li>Kompresia tkan\u00edv<\/li>\n<li>Vy\u0161etrenie zo\u0161krabov slizn\u00edc &#8211; mikroskopicky<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><u>Celkov\u00e1 pitva cicavcov<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Z pitvan\u00e9ho zviera\u0165a stiahneme ko\u017eu a d\u00f4kladne prezrieme podko\u017eie. Potom vyberieme jednotliv\u00e9 org\u00e1ny pod\u013ea syst\u00e9mov tak, aby sme neporu\u0161ili ich vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa s\u00favislos\u0165. Najprv izolujeme a vyberieme cel\u00fd tr\u00e1viaci trakt od \u00fastnej dutiny a\u017e po an\u00e1lny otvor. Potom d\u00fdchac\u00ed apar\u00e1t a mo\u010dov\u00e9 cesty, srdce s ve\u013ek\u00fdmi arteri\u00e1lnymi a ven\u00f3znymi cievami, a\u0165d.<\/p>\n<p>Hrudn\u00fa a bru\u0161n\u00fa dutinu prezrieme, krv a transud\u00e1t z t\u00fdchto dut\u00edn vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou opakovan\u00e9ho prem\u00fdvania. Vyberieme mozog a miechu, vy\u0161etr\u00edme obsah konjuktiv\u00e1lnych v\u00e1\u010dkov a vyl\u00fapneme o\u010di, otvor\u00edme a vy\u0161etr\u00edme obsah synovi\u00e1lnych dut\u00edn, hlavov\u00fdch a nosov\u00fdch dut\u00edn. Zo sliznice nosov\u00fdch ciest urob\u00edme zo\u0161kraby, prezrieme sliznicu pyskov, l\u00edc, jazyka, a na zistenie pr\u00edtomnosti lariev trichinel vezmeme vzorky z br\u00e1ni\u010dn\u00fdch pilierov. Potom pitveme a vy\u0161etrujeme <u>jednotliv\u00e9 org\u00e1ny izolovan\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Org\u00e1nov\u00e1 pitva<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Tr\u00e1viaci trakt <\/strong>&#8211; ligat\u00farami izolujeme org\u00e1ny tr\u00e1viaceho traktu a oddel\u00edme ich postupne: pa\u017eer\u00e1k, \u017eal\u00fadok, tenk\u00e9 \u010drevo, hrub\u00e9 \u010drevo, slep\u00e9 \u010drevo, pe\u010de\u0148 a pod\u017eal\u00fadkov\u00e1 \u017e\u013eaza, uklad\u00e1me ich osobitne na podnos.<\/p>\n<p>Pa\u017eer\u00e1k &#8211; otvor\u00edme no\u017enicami po celej d\u013a\u017eke a prezrieme sliznicu a potom ju vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou zo\u0161krabu po celej d\u013a\u017eke pomocou skalpela alebo podlo\u017en\u00e9ho skl\u00ed\u010dka. Zo\u0161kraby d\u00e1vame medzi dve podlo\u017en\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dka a po ich stla\u010den\u00ed vy\u0161etrujeme lupou alebo pod mikroskopom. Pri n\u00e1jden\u00ed helmintov vrchn\u00e9 skl\u00ed\u010dko opatrne nadvihneme a zoberieme parazita pomocou \u0161tetca alebo prepara\u010dnej ihly.<\/p>\n<p>\u017dal\u00fadok &#8211; otvor\u00edme po obvode ve\u013ek\u00e9ho zakrivenia a jeho obsah vyberieme zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 na misku. \u017dal\u00fadok opl\u00e1chneme vodou pri\u010dom vodu zachyt\u00edme do tej istej n\u00e1doby ako obsah \u017eal\u00fadka, do n\u00e1doby dolejeme vodu, dokonale premie\u0161ame a nech\u00e1me st\u00e1\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das. Po usaden\u00ed, vrchn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 tekutiny plynul\u00fdm pohybom zlejeme a dopln\u00edme znova vodou. Tento postup opakujeme dovtedy, k\u00fdm supernatant nie je \u010d\u00edry. Z\u00edskan\u00fd sediment prezer\u00e1me po \u010dastiach najprv makroskopicky a potom lupou a n\u00e1jden\u00e9 helminty vyberieme.<\/p>\n<p>Sliznicu vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou zo\u0161krabu.<\/p>\n<p>Tenk\u00e9 a hrub\u00e9 \u010drevo &#8211; pitveme ka\u017ed\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. \u010crevo otv\u00e1rame opatrne na opa\u010dnej strane ako je mezent\u00e9rium. Obsah ka\u017edej \u010dasti vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou opakovan\u00e9ho prem\u00fdvania a sliznicu met\u00f3dou zo\u0161krabu a kompresie.<\/p>\n<p>Pe\u010de\u0148 &#8211; vlo\u017e\u00edme do bielej emailovej misky. Parench\u00fdm pe\u010dene prstami rozdrob\u00edme na mal\u00e9 k\u00fasky a po zaliat\u00ed vodou postupujeme met\u00f3dou opakovan\u00e9ho prem\u00fdvania. Podobne vy\u0161etrujeme aj pankreas.<\/p>\n<p>\u017dl\u010dov\u00fd mech\u00far &#8211; oddel\u00edme od pe\u010dene a vy\u0161etrujeme zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 met\u00f3dou zrie\u010fovania a zlievania v Petriho miske alebo kadi\u010dke.<\/p>\n<p><strong>D\u00fdchacia s\u00fastava &#8211; <\/strong>hrtan, tracheu a bronchy rozstrihneme no\u017enicami, prezrieme makroskopicky a potom ich sliznice vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou zo\u0161krabu pod lupou.<\/p>\n<p>P\u013e\u00faca &#8211; p\u013e\u00facny parench\u00fdm rozre\u017eeme na mal\u00e9 k\u00fasky, zalejeme vodou a vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou opakovan\u00e9ho prem\u00fdvania. K\u00fasky p\u013e\u00fac m\u00f4\u017eeme vy\u0161etri\u0165 <u>Baermanovou larvoskopickou met\u00f3dou <\/u>na overenie pr\u00edtomnosti lariev p\u013e\u00facnych \u010dervov. Niektor\u00e9 druhy pneumohelmintov (<em>Muellerius capillaris, Cystocaulus ocreatus<\/em>) sa lokalizuj\u00fa v p\u013e\u00facnom tkanive v tzv. liah\u0148ov\u00fdch uzloch sivobielej farby. Po kompresii takto zmenen\u00e9ho tkaniva \u010dervy vyberieme prepara\u010dnou ihlou. M\u00e1lokedy sa daj\u00fa izolova\u0165 cel\u00e9 neporu\u0161en\u00e9 \u010dervy, preto\u017ee s\u00fa \u0161pir\u00e1lovite sto\u010den\u00e9, ale na druhov\u00fa diagnostiku n\u00e1m sta\u010dia chvostov\u00e9 konce samcov.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mo\u010dov\u00e9 org\u00e1ny<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Obli\u010dky &#8211; rozre\u017eeme a vy\u0161etr\u00edme obli\u010dkov\u00fa panvi\u010dku &#8211; makroskopicky a tie\u017e met\u00f3dou zo\u0161krabu. K\u00fasky obli\u010diek vy\u0161etrujeme met\u00f3dou kompresie medzi dvoma podlo\u017en\u00fdmi skl\u00ed\u010dkami a pod lupou. Obli\u010dkov\u00fd tuk separujeme od ser\u00f3zy, rozdrob\u00edme a vy\u0161etr\u00edme na pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 helmintov.<\/p>\n<p>Nadobli\u010dkov\u00e9 puzdro &#8211; vy\u0161etrujeme podobne ako obli\u010dkov\u00fd tuk.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u010dovody a mo\u010dov\u00fd mech\u00far &#8211; otv\u00e1rame nad miskou, ich sliznice vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou zo\u0161krabu. Mo\u010d vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou zrie\u010fovania a zlievania.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pohlavn\u00e9 org\u00e1ny &#8211; <\/strong>vy\u0161etrujeme met\u00f3dou kompresie.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mozog a miechu <\/strong>&#8211; rozre\u017eeme na tenk\u00e9 pl\u00e1tky a vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou kompresie. M\u00f4\u017eeme spravi\u0165 aj odtla\u010dkov\u00e9 prepar\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n<p><strong>O\u010di &#8211; <\/strong>sliznicu vie\u010dok a konjunktiv\u00e1lnu dutinu vy\u0161etrujeme met\u00f3dou zo\u0161krabu. Po otvoren\u00ed kom\u00f4r a rozrezan\u00ed sklivca, ich vy\u0161etrujeme met\u00f3dou postupn\u00e9ho prem\u00fdvania.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Srdce a ve\u013ek\u00e9 cievy &#8211; <\/strong>otv\u00e1rame vo fyziologickom roztoku a ich obsah vy\u0161etr\u00edme met\u00f3dou opakovan\u00e9ho prem\u00fdvania. Myokard rozre\u017eeme na tenk\u00e9 pl\u00e1tky a vy\u0161etr\u00edme kompresiou. Br\u00e1ni\u010dn\u00e9 piliere vy\u0161etrujeme na pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 trichinel.<\/p>\n<p>Ak sediment s helmintami nem\u00f4\u017eeme hne\u010f vy\u0161etri\u0165, m\u00f4\u017eeme ich konzervova\u0165 v 5 &#8211; 10 % formal\u00edne.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>Celkov\u00e1 pitva vt\u00e1kov<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Po vonkaj\u0161ej obhliadke najprv o\u0161klbeme perie,&nbsp;vy\u0161etr\u00edme povrch ko\u017ee a&nbsp;stiahneme ju, vy\u0161etr\u00edme podko\u017eie. Po otvoren\u00ed bru\u0161nej dutiny, oddialime hrudn\u00fa kos\u0165 a&nbsp;vyber\u00e1me postupne cel\u00e9 org\u00e1ny. Pitva vt\u00e1kov je podobn\u00e1 ako u&nbsp;cicavcov, l\u00ed\u0161i sa len niektor\u00fdmi anatomick\u00fdmi odch\u00fdlkami:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bursa Fabricii, pa\u017eer\u00e1k,&nbsp;hrvo\u013e a vajcovody<\/strong> \u2013 vy\u0161etrujeme met\u00f3dou zo\u0161krabu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Trachea a&nbsp;p\u013e\u00faca<\/strong> \u2013 vy\u0161etrujeme podobne ako u&nbsp;cicavcov, zo\u0161krab hlienu vy\u0161etr\u00edme kompresoricky.<\/p>\n<p>Pri pitve vt\u00e1kov nach\u00e1dzame \u010dasto rozto\u010de vo vzduchov\u00fdch vakoch. &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u010crev\u00e1<\/strong> &#8211; vt\u00e1kov pitveme oddelene, zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 duodenum, jejunum, ileum, rectum a&nbsp;slep\u00e9 vaky, ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 \u010dreva m\u00e1 svoje \u0161pecifick\u00e9 druhov\u00e9 os\u00eddlenie parazitov.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u017d\u013eaznat\u00fd a&nbsp;svalnat\u00fd \u017eal\u00fadok<\/strong> \u2013 makroskopicky pozorujeme pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 \u010dervov.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Obli\u010dky<\/strong> \u2013 vy\u0161etrujeme kompresoricky.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Helmintologick\u00e1 pitva sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na presn\u00fa postmort\u00e1lnu diagnostiku helmint\u00f3z a&nbsp;stanovenie intenzity infekcie. Pri \u00fapln\u00fdch helmintologick\u00fdch pitv\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edvame \u0161peci\u00e1lne met\u00f3dy: Postupn\u00e9 zrie\u010fovanie a&nbsp;zlievanie Vy\u0161etrenie zlievok na kontrastnom podklade Kompresia tkan\u00edv Vy\u0161etrenie zo\u0161krabov slizn\u00edc &#8211; mikroskopicky Celkov\u00e1 pitva cicavcov Z pitvan\u00e9ho zviera\u0165a stiahneme ko\u017eu a d\u00f4kladne prezrieme podko\u017eie. Potom vyberieme jednotliv\u00e9 org\u00e1ny pod\u013ea syst\u00e9mov tak, aby sme&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1472"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1472"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1472\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1585,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1472\/revisions\/1585"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1472"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1472"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/atlas-parazitov.uvlf.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1472"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}